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The energy system : technology, economics, markets, and policy / Travis Bradford.

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Bradford, Travis (Author)
Format: Book
Language:English
Published: Cambridge, Massachusetts : The MIT Press, [2018]
Subjects:
Power resources.
Energy policy.
Energy industries.
Table of Contents:
  • Machine generated contents note: 1.The Energy System
  • A.Why Does Energy Matter?
  • 1.Energy, Output, Income, and Welfare
  • B.How Much Energy Is Needed?
  • 1.Determining Energy Requirements
  • 2.Population (P)
  • 3.Per Capita Income (GDP/P)
  • 4.Energy Intensity (E/GDP)
  • 5.Aggregating Energy Needs and Impacts
  • C.What Are the Key Questions to Examine in the Energy System?
  • D.Which Tools Are Most Useful?
  • 1.A Bountiful Toolkit
  • 2.Systems Thinking
  • E.What Constrains the Energy System?
  • 1.Scarcity
  • 2.Input (Supply) Constraints
  • 3.Conversion, or Capital and Infrastructure, Constraints
  • 4.Output (Demand) Constraints
  • 5.The Fundamental Tension between Innovation and Depletion
  • Key Terms
  • Appendix 1: Compound Growth
  • 2.Measuring and Valuing Energy
  • A.Physics of Energy
  • 1.Types of Energy Available for Use
  • 2.Primary Sources of Energy
  • 3.A Basic Energy Supply Chain
  • 4.Forecasting Energy Supply and Demand Volumes.
  • Note continued: B.A Deeper Look at Energy Transformations
  • 1.Energy vs. Power
  • 2.How Energy Is Transformed
  • 3.Laws of Thermodynamics
  • C.Finishing the Energy System Map
  • 1.Natural Resource Inputs
  • 2.The Role of Capital Inputs in the Energy System
  • 3.Ecosystem Outputs of Emissions and Waste
  • 4.A Complete Map of the Energy System's Stocks and Flows
  • D.Understanding System Dynamics: Stocks and Flows
  • 1.Stocks and Flows...
  • 2....Informed by Feedback Loops...
  • 3....Create Complex Behaviors
  • E.Creating Motion in the System: Market Design and Function
  • 1.Supply and Demand: Volumes and Values
  • 2.Markets and Methods of Structured Exchange
  • 3.A System in Balance
  • Key Terms
  • Appendix 2: Costs and Prices
  • 3.Improving the Energy System
  • A.Market Failures
  • 1.Problems of Market Structure
  • 2.Problems of Market Scope
  • 3.Information Asymmetries
  • 4.Nonmarket (Government) Failures
  • B.Behavioral Economics.
  • Note continued: 1.Causes of Behavioral Errors
  • 2.Intervention Implications of Behavioral Economics
  • C.Fixing System Errors
  • 1.Market Interventions
  • 2.Should Governments Intervene?
  • 3.Policy Tools
  • D.How Policy and Markets Interact
  • Key Terms
  • Appendix 3: Measuring Cost and Benefits of Energy Subsidies
  • 4.Electricity and Grid Operation
  • A.Electricity's Role in Modern Society
  • 1.The Remarkable 1880s
  • 2.Creating the First Regulated Electric Utilities
  • 3.Today's Electricity Grid Technology
  • B.Electricity: A Bundle of Services
  • C.Today's Electricity Grid
  • 1.Global Industry Overview
  • 2.US Industry Overview
  • D.Managing Regulated Utilities
  • 1.Investment and Cost-of-Service Recovery
  • 2.Grid Regulation: A Complex Set of Objectives
  • E.Modern Variations on Grid Management
  • 1.Restructuring US Utilities
  • 2.Planning, Scheduling, and Dispatch under Restructured Utilities.
  • Note continued: F.Threats to Successful Grid Operation: A Systems Approach
  • Key Terms
  • Appendix 4: A Review of Financial Concepts
  • 5.Grid Economics
  • A.Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) Generation
  • 1.Levelized Cost in Principle
  • 2.LCOE: The Four-part Model
  • 3.Key Choices and Sensitivities in LCOE Analysis
  • B.Buying Wholesale Electricity (Energy)
  • 1.Wholesale Electricity Markets
  • 2.Establishing Electricity Supply Curves
  • 3.Forward Markets
  • 4.Determining the Efficiency of the Outcomes
  • C.Buying Electric Power (Capacity and Reliability)
  • 1.Buying Capacity
  • 2.Buying Transmission
  • Key Terms
  • Appendix 5: Developing and Financing Energy Projects
  • 6.Coal, Oil, and Gas for Electricity
  • A.Obtaining Coal
  • 1.The First Industrial Energy
  • 2.Obtaining and Using Coal Today
  • 3.Coal Reserves and Production
  • B.Coal Use in Electricity Generation
  • 1.Coal Combustion for Electricity Generation
  • 2.Costs for Coal Generation.
  • Note continued: 3.Coal Demand in Electricity
  • C.Coal System Constraints
  • 1.Case against Coal
  • 2.Cleaner Coal Innovations
  • 3.Coal's Growing Capital Challenge
  • D.Natural Gas in Electricity
  • 1.Gas Combustion Technologies
  • 2.Economics of Natural Gas in Electricity
  • E.Oil in Electricity
  • 1.Various Combustion Technologies: Utility Scale
  • 2.Stationary Diesel Generators
  • Key Terms
  • Appendix 6: Supply Risk and Hedging Strategies
  • 7.Hydropower and Nuclear Power
  • A.The "Old" Renewables Context
  • B.Hydropower
  • 1.The Evolution of Hydroelectric Dams
  • 2.Economics of Hydropower
  • 3.The Complex Calculus for New Dam Construction
  • C.Nuclear Power
  • 1.History and Issues of Nuclear Power
  • 2.Technology and Physical Limits
  • 3.Operating Today's Nuclear Power Fleet
  • 4.Building New Nuclear Plants
  • Key Terms
  • Appendix 7: Overnight Costs and Completion Risk
  • 8.Renewable Electricity
  • A.The Rise of the New Renewables.
  • Note continued: 1.Access to Financial Capital
  • 2.Dispatchability and Intermittency
  • 3.The Prospect for Utility-Scale Renewables
  • B.Wind Energy
  • 1.History of Onshore Wind Technology
  • 2.Wind Power Economics
  • 3.Offshore Wind Power Prospects
  • C.Solar Energy
  • 1.History of Solar Technology
  • 2.Solar Power Economics
  • D.Biomass and Biogas
  • 1.Biomass Electricity
  • 2.Biogas Electricity
  • E.Geothermal Electricity
  • 1.Geothermal Resources and Electricity Generation
  • 2.Geothermal Electricity Economics and Risks
  • F.Ocean Energy
  • 1.Characterizing Ocean Resources
  • 2.Ocean Wave Electricity
  • 3.Ocean Tidal Electricity
  • Key Terms
  • Appendix 8: Revenue Risk and Contracting Output
  • 9.Electricity Demand Management
  • A.A View from the Demand Side
  • 1.Electricity Demand Is Driven by Devices
  • 2.A Morass of Market Failures
  • 3.The Impact of Load Reduction on Everyone Else
  • B.The Role of Energy Efficiency.
  • Note continued: 1.Key Components in Delivering Energy Efficiency
  • 2.Aggregate Impacts of Energy Efficiency
  • 3.Energy Efficiency Economics: Measuring Savings
  • 4.Policy and Market Responses to Deploy Efficiency
  • C.Demand Response Solutions
  • 1.Managing Demand
  • 2.Economics of Demand Response
  • D.Managing the Grid: The Smart Grid
  • 1.The Technology of the Smart Grid
  • 2.Paying for the Smart Grid
  • Key Terms
  • Appendix 9: Financing Efficiency and Customer-side Solutions
  • 10.Electric Storage
  • A.The Many Pathways of Electric Storage
  • 1.Brief History of Electric Storage
  • 2.Chemistries and Technologies
  • 3.Relevant Performance Criteria
  • 4.The Global Storage Industry Today
  • B.Economics of Grid Storage
  • 1.Defining End Markets for Grid Storage: Timing
  • 2.Defining End Markets for Grid Storage: Location
  • 3.Relevant Economic Criteria and LCOS
  • C.Fuel Cells and Hydrogen
  • 1.Fuel Cells and Supporting Technologies.
  • Note continued: 2.Obtaining and Storing Hydrogen
  • 3.Economics of Hydrogen
  • Key Terms
  • Appendix 10: Technology and Operational Risk
  • 11.Distributed Generation
  • A.Distributed Solar Generation
  • 1.History of Solar PV
  • 2.Today's PV Technology
  • 3.Policy Drivers to Enable DG
  • B.Experience Curves and Disruption
  • 1.Progress and Parity
  • 2.Using Experience Curves to Forecast
  • 3.Using Experience Curves for Comparative Analytics
  • C.Distributed Solar PV Economics
  • 1.The Economics of Grid Parity
  • 2.Current Size and Prospects of the PV Industry
  • 3.Limits to Growth
  • D.Other Distributed Electricity Technologies
  • 1.Distributed Fuel-based Generators
  • 2.Distributed Renewable Generation and Storage
  • 3.Microgrids and Grid Defection
  • Key Terms
  • Appendix 11: Policy and Environmental Risk
  • 12.Reintegrating the Electricity System
  • A.Forecasting Competitiveness in Individual Markets.
  • Note continued: 1.Establishing the Fungible Criteria for Electricity Applications
  • 2.Comparing Cost Components of Competing Alternatives
  • 3.Defining the Relevant Market for Competitive Analysis
  • B.Shifting Competitiveness Will Alter Capital Flows in Electricity
  • 1.Investment and Risk in Deploying Capital
  • 2.Structuring a Forecast Model
  • C.Managing the Coming Disruptive Transformations in Electricity
  • 1.Regulatory Innovations for the Twenty-first Century
  • 2.New Business Models for Utilities
  • Key Terms
  • 13.Transportation Services and Infrastructure
  • A.The History of Transportation
  • 1.History of Modes of Modern Transport
  • 2.Rising Transportation Demand
  • 3.Transportation Network Infrastructure
  • B.Transportation Economics
  • 1.The Economics of Liquid Fuel
  • 2.Approaches to Cost of Transport
  • 3.Improving Transportation Efficiency and Outcomes
  • C.Transportation Sector Interventions
  • 1.Moving Goods
  • 2.Moving People
  • Key Terms.
  • Note continued: Appendix 13: Infrastructure Investment
  • 14.Oil
  • A.History of Oil
  • 1.Formation and Types of Oil
  • 2.The Rise of Oil Companies
  • 3.Modern Oil Industry Structure
  • B.Getting Oil to Market
  • 1.Upstream: Oil Exploration and Production
  • 2.Midstream: Moving Oil to the Refinery
  • 3.Downstream: Refining Oil into Useful Fuels
  • C.Economics of Oil
  • 1.Oil Resource and Reserve Calculations
  • 2.Forecasting Oil Supply and Demand
  • 3.Systems Thinking: Tensions and Responses
  • D.Tensions in the Global Oil Industry
  • 1.Oil Dependence Issues
  • 2.Oil Security Issues
  • 3.Oil and the Environment
  • Key Terms
  • Appendix 14: Commodity Trading and Markets
  • 15.New Fuels: Biofuels
  • A.Biofuel: Yesterday's and Tomorrow's Vehicle Fuels
  • 1.The First Fuel
  • 2.Conventional Biofuels
  • 3.Constraints on Expansion of First-generation Biofuels
  • 4.Advances in Biofuel Feedstocks and Technology
  • B.Biofuel Economics
  • 1.Production Economics.
  • Note continued: 2.Oil-Feedstock Linkages
  • C.The Desirability and Methods of Incentivizing Biofuels
  • 1.Defining the Goal
  • 2.Policy Approaches
  • 3.Differential Impacts of Biofuel across Transport Modes
  • Key Terms
  • Appendix 15: Technology Investment-R&D and Venture Capital
  • 16.New Motors: Electric Vehicles, Natural Gas, and Hydrogen
  • A.Electric Vehicle Technology
  • 1.History of Electric Cars
  • 2.Technical Primer on EV Components
  • 3.Linking EVs to the Grid
  • B.EV Markets and Policy
  • 1.Economic Analysis
  • 2.Adoption Constraints and Market Definition
  • 3.Scaling Up EVs
  • 4.Supporting EV Deployment
  • 5.Are EVs a Disruptive Technology?
  • C.Natural Gas Vehicles
  • 1.How NGVs Work
  • 2.Arguments for and against NGVs
  • 3.Supporting NGV Deployment
  • D.Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles
  • 1.Technical Primer on Components
  • 2.The Potential for Hydrogen FCV Deployment
  • E.Summary of Innovation Pathways in Transportation (Section Postscript)
  • Key Terms.
  • Note continued: 17.Thermal Demand and Supply
  • A.Energy Use in Industry
  • 1.Industry Types and Total Energy Use
  • 2.Industrial Thermal Energy Use
  • 3.Industrial Heat Supply Options
  • 4.Improving Industrial Thermal Energy
  • B.Energy Use in Buildings
  • 1.Building Types and Total Energy Use
  • 2.Building Thermal Applications
  • 3.Fuel Options
  • 4.Improving Building Performance
  • C.Storing Heat
  • 1.Low- and Medium-Temperature Heat Storage
  • 2.High-Temperature Heat Storage
  • Key Terms
  • Appendix 17: Retrofits and Repowering
  • 18.Natural Gas
  • A.The Emergence of Natural Gas
  • 1.The Origin of Natural Gas
  • 2.Natural Gas Supply Chain and Delivery Infrastructure
  • 3.Governing the Natural Gas Industry
  • B.Economics of Natural Gas
  • 1.Global Supply of Natural Gas
  • 2.Sectoral Demand for Natural Gas
  • 3.Linking International Markets
  • C.Innovations in Natural Gas
  • 1.Shale Gas
  • 2.Demand Growth and New Markets for Natural Gas.
  • Note continued: 3.The Future of Thermal Energy and Natural Gas (Section Postscript)
  • Key Terms
  • 19.Economic System Interactions
  • A.Energy and Macroeconomics
  • 1.A Very Quick History of Macroeconomics
  • 2.Measuring the Size of the Energy Industry in Economic Terms
  • 3.Energy Security and Dependence
  • B.The Role of Energy in Economic Development
  • 1.Energy Access around the World
  • 2.National and International Scope of Energy Development
  • 3.City- and Regional-level Scope of Energy Development
  • 4.Household and Community Scope of Energy Development
  • C.Economic Growth in an Energy-constrained World
  • Key Terms
  • Appendix 19: Microfinance
  • 20.Ecosystem Interactions
  • A.Environmental Risks from Energy Production
  • 1.Defining the Ecosystem and Its Services
  • 2.Externalities Arising from Energy System Transformations
  • 3.Relevant Energy System Environmental Policy
  • 4.Other Policy Efforts to Improve Environmental Outcomes.
  • Note continued: B.Climate Change Risks and Interventions
  • 1.Climate Science
  • 2.Climate Change Solutions
  • 3.Markets vs. Policy in Addressing Climate Change
  • C.Sustainable Development
  • 1.Defining Sustainable Development
  • 2.Measuring Sustainable Development
  • 3.Achieving Sustainable Development
  • Key Terms
  • Appendix 20: Climate and Other Environmental Finance
  • Forecasting the Energy System
  • Evolutionary or Revolutionary Changes?
  • A Series of Transformations
  • Foundational Role of Energy in a Sustainable Society.

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