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Introduction to ground penetrating radar : inverse scattering and data processing / Raffaele Persico.

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"This book presents a comprehensive treatment of ground penetrating radar using both forward and inverse scattering mathematical techniques. Use of field data instead of laboratory data enables readers to envision real-life underground imaging; a full color insert further clarifies understandin...

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Bibliographic Details
Online Access: Full Text (via IEEE)
Main Author: Persico, Raffaele, 1969-
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, IEEE Press, 2014.
Subjects:
Ground penetrating radar.
Table of Contents:
  • Foreword xiii
  • Acknowledgments xvii
  • About the Author xix
  • Contributors xxi
  • 1 INTRODUCTION TO GPR PROSPECTING 1
  • 1.1 What Is a GPR? 1
  • 1.2 GPR Systems and GPR Signals 4
  • 1.3 GPR Application Fields 5
  • 1.4 Measurement Configurations, Bands, and Polarizations 6
  • 1.5 GPR Data Processing 8
  • 2 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HOST MEDIUM 10
  • 2.1 The Characteristics of the Host Medium 10
  • 2.2 The Measure of the Propagation Velocity in a Masonry 11
  • 2.3 The Measure of the Propagation Velocity in a Homogeneous Soil 13
  • 2.3.1 Interfacial Data in Common Offset Mode with a Null Offset: The Case of a Point-like Target 13
  • 2.3.2 Interfacial Data in Common Offset Mode with a Null Offset: The Case of a Circular Target 17
  • 2.3.3 Interfacial Data in Common Offset Mode with a Non-null Offset: The Case of a Point-like Target 18
  • 2.3.4 Noninterfacial Data in Common Offset Mode with a Null Offset: The Case of a Point-like Target 22
  • 2.3.5 Interfacial Data in Common Midpoint (CMP) Mode 25
  • 2.4 Lossy, Magnetic, and Dispersive Media 27
  • Questions 31
  • 3 GPR DATA SAMPLING: FREQUENCY AND TIME STEPS 32
  • 3.1 Stepped Frequency GPR Systems: The Problem of the Aliasing and the Frequency Step 32
  • 3.2 Shape and Thickness of the GPR Pulses 36
  • 3.3 Stepped Frequency GPR Systems: The Problem of the Demodulation and the Frequency Step 40
  • 3.4 Aliasing and Time Step for Pulsed GPR Systems 45
  • Questions 47
  • 4 THE 2D SCATTERING EQUATIONS FOR DIELECTRIC TARGETS 48
  • 4.1 Preliminary Remarks 48
  • 4.2 Derivation of the Scattering Equations Without Considering the Effect of the Antennas 51
  • 4.3 Calculation of the Incident Field Radiated by a Filamentary Current 61
  • 4.4 The Plane Wave Spectrum of an Electromagnetic Source in a Homogeneous Space 61
  • 4.5 The Insertion of the Source Characteristics in the Scattering Equations 65
  • 4.6 The Far Field in a Homogeneous Lossless Space in Terms of Plane Wave Spectrum 69
  • 4.7 The Effective Length of an Electromagnetic Source in a Homogeneous Space 73.
  • 4.8 The Insertion of the Receiver Characteristics in the
  • Scattering Equations 75
  • Questions 77
  • 5 THE 2D SCATTERING EQUATIONS FOR MAGNETIC TARGETS 79
  • 5.1 The Scattering Equations with Only Magnetic Anomalies 79
  • 5.2 The Contribution of the x-Component of the Fitzgerald Vector 83
  • 5.3 The Contribution of the z-Component of the Fitzgerald Vector 88
  • 5.4 The Joined Contribution of Both the x- and z-Components of the Fitzgerald Vector 93
  • 5.5 The Case with Both Dielectric and Magnetic Anomalies 94
  • Questions 95
  • 6 ILL-POSEDNESS AND NONLINEARITY 96
  • 6.1 Electromagnetic Inverse Scattering 96
  • 6.2 Ill-Posedness 97
  • 6.3 Nonlinearity 97
  • 6.4 The Ill-Posedness of the Inverse Scattering Problem 100
  • 6.5 The Nonlinearity of the Inverse Scattering Problem 103
  • Questions 103
  • 7 EXTRACTION OF THE SCATTERED FIELD DATA FROM THE GPR DATA 105
  • 7.1 Zero Timing 105
  • 7.2 Muting of Interface Contributions 106
  • 7.3 The Differential Configuration 110
  • 7.4 The Background Removal 111
  • Questions 115
  • 8 THE BORN APPROXIMATION 116
  • 8.1 The Classical Born Approximation 116
  • 8.2 The Born Approximation in the Presence of Magnetic Targets 119
  • 8.3 Weak and Nonweak Scattering Objects 120
  • Questions 121
  • 9 DIFFRACTION TOMOGRAPHY 122
  • 9.1 Introduction to Diffraction Tomography 122
  • 9.2 Diffraction Tomography for Dielectric Targets 123
  • 9.3 Diffraction Tomography for Dielectric Targets Seen Under a Limited View Angle 130
  • 9.4 The Effective Maximum and Minimum View Angle 140
  • 9.5 Horizontal Resolution 142
  • 9.6 Vertical Resolution 145
  • 9.7 Spatial Step 147
  • 9.8 Frequency Step 148
  • 9.9 Time Step 149
  • 9.10 The Effect of a Non-null Height of the Observation Line 150
  • 9.11 The Effect of the Radiation Characteristics of the Antennas 156
  • 9.12 DT Relationship in the Presence of Magnetic Targets 158
  • 9.13 DT Relationship for a Differential Configuration 160
  • 9.14 DT Relationship in the Presence of Background Removal 163
  • Questions 168.
  • 10 TWO-DIMENSIONAL MIGRATION ALGORITHMS 169
  • 10.1 Migration in the Frequency Domain 169
  • 10.2 Migration in the Time Domain (Raffaele Persico and Raffaele Solimene) 175
  • Questions 181
  • 11 THREE-DIMENSIONAL SCATTERING EQUATIONS 182 /Lorenzo Lo Monte, Raffaele Persico, and Raffaele Solimene
  • 11.1 Scattering in Three Dimensions: Redefinition of the Main Symbols 182
  • 11.2 The Scattering Equations in 3D 184
  • 11.3 Three-Dimensional Green's Functions 184
  • 11.4 The Incident Field 185
  • 11.5 Homogeneous 3D Green's Functions 187
  • 11.6 The Plane Wave Spectrum of a 3D Homogeneous Green's Fucntion 192
  • 11.7 Half-Space Green's Functions 197
  • Questions 204
  • 12 THREE-DIMENSIONAL DIFFRACTION TOMOGRAPHY 205
  • 12.1 Born Approximation and DT in 3D 205
  • 12.2 Ideal and Limited-View-Angle 3D Retrievable Spectral Sets 210
  • 12.3 Spatial Step and Transect 212
  • 12.4 Horizontal Resolution (Raffaele Persico and Raffaele Solimene) 213
  • 12.5 Vertical Resolution, Frequency and Time Steps 217
  • Questions 218
  • 13 THREE-DIMENSIONAL MIGRATION ALGORITHMS 219
  • 13.1 3D Migration Formulas in the Frequency Domain 219
  • 13.2 3D Migration Formulas in the Time Domain 222
  • 13.3 3D Versus 2D Migration Formulas in the Time Domain 226
  • Questions 228
  • 14 THE SINGULAR VALUE DECOMPOSITION 229
  • 14.1 The Method of Moments 229
  • 14.2 Reminders About Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors 231
  • 14.3 The Singular Value Decomposition 234
  • 14.4 The Study of the Inverse Scattering Relationship by Means of the SVD 238
  • Questions 241
  • 15 NUMERICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLES 242
  • 15.1 Examples with Regard to the Measure of the Propagation Velocity 242
  • 15.1.1 Common Offset Interfacial Data with Null Offset on a Homogeneous Soil 242
  • 15.1.2 Common Offset Interfacial Data on a Wall, Neglecting the Offset Between the Antennas 245
  • 15.1.3 Interfacial Common Offset Data on a Homogeneous Soil: The Effect on the Offset Between the Antennas 247
  • 15.1.4 Noninterfacial Common Offset Data with a Null Offset Between the Antennas 249.
  • 15.1.5 Common Midpoint Data 250
  • 15.2 Exercises on Spatial Step and Horizontal Resolution 252
  • 15.3 Exercises on Frequency Step and Vertical Resolution 264
  • 15.4 Exercises on the Number of Trial Unknowns 271
  • 15.5 Exercises on Spectral and Spatial Contents 274
  • 15.6 Exercises on the Effect of the Height of the Observation Line 280
  • 15.7 Exercises on the Effect of the Extent of the Investigation Domain 284
  • 15.8 Exercises on the Effects of the Background Removal 295
  • 15.9 2D and 3D Migration Examples with a Single Set and Two Crossed Sets of B-Scans (Marcello Ciminale, Giovanni Leucci, Loredana Matera, and Raffaele Persico) 304
  • 15.10 2D and 3D Inversion Examples (Ilaria Catapano and Raffaele Persico) 311
  • APPENDICES 327
  • APPENDIX A (Raffaele Persico and Raffaele Solimene) 329
  • APPENDIX B 334
  • APPENDIX C 335
  • APPENDIX D 337
  • APPENDIX E 340
  • APPENDIX F (Raffaele Persico and Raffaele Solimene) 346
  • APPENDIX G: ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 349
  • References 358
  • Index 365.

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