Cover Image

LTE communications and networks : femtocells and antenna design challenges / edited by Masood Ur Rehman and Ghazanfar Ali Safdar.

Show other versions (1)

A COMPREHENSIVE RESOURCE TO THE LATEST DEVELOPMENTS OF SYSTEM ENHANCEMENT TECHNIQUES OF FEMTOCELLS, POWER MANAGEMENT, INTERFERENCE MITIGATION AND ANTENNA DESIGN LTE Communications and Networks fills a gap in the literature to offer a comprehensive review of the most current developments of LTE Femto...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Online Access: Full Text (via O'Reilly/Safari)
Other Authors: Ur-Rehman, Masood (Editor), Safdar, Ghazanfar Ali, 1973- (Editor)
Other title:Long-Term Evolution communications and networks
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: [Place of publication not identified] : Wiley, [2018]
Subjects:
Long-Term Evolution (Telecommunications)
Femtocells.
Antennas (Electronics) > Design and construction.
Antennas (Electronics) > Design and construction
Femtocells
Table of Contents:
  • List of Contributors xv
  • Preface xvi
  • 1 Introduction 1 /Ghazanfar Ali Safdar and Masood Ur Rehman
  • 1.1 Evolution of Wireless and Cellular Communication 2
  • 1.1.1 1 G 3
  • 1.1.2 2 G 3
  • 1.1.3 2.5 G 3
  • 1.1.4 2.75 G 4
  • 1.1.5 3 G 4
  • 1.1.6 3.5 G 4
  • 1.1.7 4 G/LTE 5
  • 1.2 LTE Architecture 5
  • 1.2.1 Communications Perspective Challenges in LTE Networks 8
  • 1.2.1.1 Signalling System 8
  • 1.2.1.2 Backward Compatibility 9
  • 1.2.1.3 BS Efficiency 9
  • 1.2.2 LTE Radio Frame 10
  • 1.3 LTE Antennas 11
  • 1.4 LTE Applications 11
  • 1.4.1 Communications 11
  • 1.4.2 Public Safety 12
  • 1.4.3 Device?]to?]Device Communications 12
  • 1.4.4 Video Streaming 12
  • 1.4.5 Voice over LTE (VoLTE) 12
  • 1.4.6 Internet of Things 13
  • 1.4.7 Wearable Systems 13
  • 1.4.8 Cloud Computing 13
  • 1.5 Book Organization 14
  • References 16
  • Part I LTE Femtocells 19
  • 2 LTE Femtocells 21 /Ghazanfar Ali Safdar
  • 2.1 Introduction 21
  • 2.1.1 Cross?]Tier Interference 22
  • 2.1.2 Co?]Tier Interference 24
  • 2.1.3 Downlink Interference Modelling 24
  • 2.1.4 Uplink Interference Modelling 25
  • 2.2 Platform for Femtocell Deployment 26
  • 2.3 LTE Architecture Overview 26
  • 2.3.1 LTE Downlink Transmission 27
  • 2.3.2 LTE Uplink Transmission 27
  • 2.4 LTE Femtocell Interference Analysis 28
  • 2.4.1 Scenario 1: Cross?]Tier Interference Analysis 28
  • 2.4.2 Scenario 2: Effects of Femtocell Access Mode Deployment 28
  • 2.4.3 Scenario 3: Co?]Tier Interference Analysis 29
  • 2.4.4 Scenario 4: Effects of Varying FAP Transmit Power Levels on MUEs 29
  • 2.5 Interference Mitigation: Current State of the Art 31
  • 2.5.1 Spectrum Access/Frequency Assignment 31
  • 2.5.2 Power Control 32
  • 2.5.3 Antenna Schemes 33
  • 2.6 Cognitive Femtocells: A Smart Solution to a Complex Problem 33
  • 2.7 Summary 35
  • References 36
  • 3 Interference Mitigation in Cognitive Radio?]Based LTE Femtocells 38 /Ghazanfar Ali Safdar
  • 3.1 Introduction 39
  • 3.2 Femtocells 41
  • 3.2.1 Femtocells
  • Interference versus Deployment 43.
  • 3.2.2 Femtocells
  • Typical Interference Mitigation Techniques 46
  • 3.2.2.1 Spectrum Access/Frequency Assignment Schemes 46
  • 3.2.2.2 Power Control (PC) Schemes 46
  • 3.2.2.3 Antenna Schemes 48
  • 3.3 Interference Mitigation in Femtocells using Cognitive Radio 49
  • 3.3.1 Cognitive Interference Mitigation 51
  • 3.3.1.1 Cognitive Interference Mitigation
  • PC 52
  • 3.3.1.2 Cognitive Interference Mitigation
  • Spectrum Access 54
  • 3.3.1.3 Cognitive Interference Mitigation
  • Antenna Schemes 64
  • 3.3.1.4 Cognitive Interference Mitigation
  • Joint Schemes 66
  • 3.3.2 Cognitive Interference Mitigation versus Conventional Interference Mitigation 70
  • 3.4 Summary 74
  • References 75
  • 4 Coverage Area?]Based Power Control for Interference Management in LTE Femtocells 84 /Ghazanfar Ali Safdar
  • 4.1 Introduction 85
  • 4.2 Coverage Radius Based Power Control Scheme (PS) 88
  • 4.2.1 Radius Limit Setting 89
  • 4.2.2 Initial Coverage Radius 89
  • 4.2.3 Self?]Update 89
  • 4.2.4 Final Radius 89
  • 4.3 System Model 90
  • 4.4 Performance Analysis 92
  • 4.4.1 Results and Discussion 93
  • 4.4.1.1 SINR Cross?]Tier (Single Cell) 93
  • 4.4.1.2 SINR Co?]Tier (Single Cell) 94
  • 4.4.1.3 Downlink Throughput (Single Cell) 95
  • 4.4.1.4 Co?] and Cross?]Tier SINR (Single Cell versus Multicell) 96
  • 4.4.1.5 Droppage in SINR (Single Cell versus Multicell) 97
  • 4.4.1.6 Coverage Area Bounds and Impact on SINR (Single Cell versus Multicell) 99
  • 4.5 Summary 100
  • References 101
  • 5 Energy Management in LTE Femtocells 104 /Kapil Kanwal, Ghazanfar Ali Safdar, Masood Ur Rehman and Xiaodong Yang
  • 5.1 Introduction 105
  • 5.2 Architecture of LTE Networks 105
  • 5.2.1 Communications Perspective Challenges in LTE Networks 106
  • 5.2.1.1 Signalling System 106
  • 5.2.1.2 Backward Compatibility 107
  • 5.2.1.3 BS Efficiency 107
  • 5.2.2 Importance of Energy Management in LTE Networks 108
  • 5.3 Classification of ES Schemes 108
  • 5.3.1 Static Power Consumption 109
  • 5.3.2 Dynamic Power Consumption 109.
  • 5.4 Energy Efficient Resource Allocation 113
  • 5.4.1 Hybrid FBS and MBS Based Schemes 113
  • 5.4.2 Link Adaptation Schemes 114
  • 5.4.3 Cross Layer Resource Allocation Schemes 115
  • 5.4.4 MBSFN Resource Allocation Scheme 115
  • 5.5 Bandwidth Expansion Schemes 117
  • 5.5.1 CoMP Based Coverage Expansion 117
  • 5.5.2 Time Compression (TCoM) Scheme 118
  • 5.5.3 Bandwidth Expansion Mode (BEM) Scheme 119
  • 5.5.4 Component Carrier Based Schemes 121
  • 5.5.5 Scheduling Based Schemes 122
  • 5.6 Load Balancing Schemes 123
  • 5.6.1 Distance Aware Schemes 123
  • 5.6.2 Coverage Expansion Based Schemes 125
  • 5.6.3 Distributed Schemes 125
  • 5.6.4 Shared Relay Based Schemes 127
  • 5.6.5 CRN Adopted Switching Off of a BS 128
  • 5.6.6 Reduced Early Handover (REHO) Scheme 129
  • 5.7 Comparative Analysis 130
  • 5.8 Open Research Issues 135
  • 5.9 Summary 139
  • References 140
  • 6 Spectrum Sensing Mechanisms in Cognitive Radio Based LTE Femtocells 150 /Tazeen S. Syed and Ghazanfar Ali Safdar
  • 6.1 Fundamentals of Signal Processing 151
  • 6.1.1 Channel Model 151
  • 6.1.1.1 Additive Gaussian Noise Channel 151
  • 6.1.1.2 Linear Filter Channel 152
  • 6.1.1.3 Band Limited Channel 153
  • 6.1.2 Modulation Technique 153
  • 6.1.3 Error Probability 154
  • 6.2 Spectrum Sensing Techniques 155
  • 6.2.1 Primary Transmitter Detection 155
  • 6.2.1.1 Energy Detector 156
  • 6.2.1.2 Matched Filter Detection 158
  • 6.2.1.3 Cyclostationary Feature Detection 159
  • 6.2.1.4 Waveform Detection 160
  • 6.2.1.5 Wavelet Detection 161
  • 6.2.1.6 Hybrid Sensing 162
  • 6.2.1.7 Multi?]Taper Spectrum Sensing 163
  • 6.2.2 Collaborative/Cooperative Detection 163
  • 6.2.3 Interference Temperature Detection 166
  • 6.2.4 Primary Receiver Detection 166
  • 6.3 History Assisted Spectrum Sensing 166
  • 6.4 Model?]and Statistics?]Based Spectrum Sensing Classification 167
  • 6.5 Challenges and Issues 172
  • 6.6 Summary 176
  • References 177
  • Part II Antennas for LTE Femtocells 185
  • 7 Antenna Consideration for LTE Femtocells 187 /Masood Ur Rehman.
  • 7.1 Antenna Fundamentals 187
  • 7.1.1 Input Impedance and Matching 188
  • 7.1.2 Bandwidth 189
  • 7.1.3 Radiation Pattern 190
  • 7.1.4 Directivity and Gain 191
  • 7.1.5 Efficiency 193
  • 7.1.6 Polarization 193
  • 7.2 Antenna Requirements for LTE Femtocells 196
  • 7.2.1 Frequency Bands 197
  • 7.2.2 Form Factor and Size Limitation 201
  • 7.2.3 Impedance Matching, Directivity, Gain and Efficiency 201
  • 7.2.4 Directionality 202
  • 7.2.5 Polarization 203
  • 7.2.6 Human Body Effects and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 204
  • 7.2.7 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) 205
  • References 206
  • 8 Multiband Antennas for LTE Femtocells 209 /Masood Ur Rehman and Xiaodong Yang
  • 8.1 Fundamentals of Multiband Antennas 209
  • 8.1.1 Multiband Techniques 210
  • 8.1.1.1 Higher Order Resonances 210
  • 8.1.1.2 Multiple Resonant Structures 211
  • 8.2 Types of Multiband Antennas 211
  • 8.3 Multiband Antenna Design: Case Studies 214
  • 8.3.1 Multi?]Slot Antenna 215
  • 8.3.1.1 Antenna Geometry 215
  • 8.3.1.2 Antenna Performance Evaluation 215
  • 8.3.2 Patch?]Loop Combination Antenna 220
  • 8.3.2.1 Antenna Configuration 220
  • 8.3.2.2 Antenna Performance 220
  • 8.4 Open Research Issues 227
  • References 227
  • 9 Reconfigurable Antennas for LTE Femtocells 230 /Masood Ur Rehman and Waqas Farooq
  • 9.1 Fundamentals of Reconfigurable Antennas 230
  • 9.1.1 Types of Reconfigurable Antennas 231
  • 9.1.1.1 Use of Switches 232
  • 9.1.1.2 Structural and Mechanical Changes 232
  • 9.1.1.3 Material Changes 234
  • 9.2 Realization of Reconfigurable Antennas 234
  • 9.3 Rectangular Patch Reconfigurable LTE Femtocell Antenna 237
  • 9.3.1 Design Conception 237
  • 9.3.2 Frequency Reconfiguration Mode 239
  • 9.3.3 Antenna Performance Evaluation 240
  • 9.4 Circular Patch Reconfigurable LTE Femtocell Antenna 246
  • 9.4.1 Frequency Reconfiguration Mode 248
  • 9.4.2 Antenna Performance Evaluation 248
  • 9.5 Open Research Issues 253
  • References 254
  • 10 Multimode Antennas for LTE Femtocells 259 /Oluyemi Peter Falade, Xiaodong Chen and Masood Ur Rehman.
  • 10.1 Multimode Antennas: Fundamentals and Types 260
  • 10.2 Design of a Compact Multimode LTE Femtocell Antenna for Handheld Devices 261
  • 10.2.1 Numerical Analysis 263
  • 10.2.2 Experimental Investigation 266
  • 10.3 Design of a Multifunctional Compact Antenna for LTE Femtocells and GNSS Systems 268
  • 10.3.1 Numerical Analysis 273
  • 10.3.2 Experimental Investigation 279
  • 10.4 Summary 284
  • 10.5 Open Challenges and Issues 284
  • References 284
  • 11 Human Body Effects on LTE Femtocell Antennas 289 /Masood Ur Rehman and Qammer Hussain Abbasi
  • 11.1 Interaction of the Human Body with Antennas 290
  • 11.2 Numerical Modelling of the Human Body 291
  • 11.2.1 Evaluation and Comparison of Numerical Models of Human Body 294
  • 11.2.1.1 On?]Body Transmission 294
  • 11.2.1.2 Effects on Antenna Radiation Pattern 297
  • 11.2.1.3 Electric Field Distribution 299
  • 11.2.1.4 Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) 300
  • 11.3 Evaluation of Human Body Effects on LTE Femtocell Antennas 305
  • 11.3.1 On?]Body Antenna Placement 308
  • 11.3.2 Antenna?]Body Separation 310
  • 11.3.3 On?]Body LTE Channel Characterization 312
  • 11.3.4 On?]Off Body LTE Channel Characterization 313
  • 11.3.5 Body?]to?]Body LTE Channel Characterization 315
  • 11.4 Open Research Issues 316
  • References 317
  • 12 The Road Ahead for LTE Femtocells 322 /Masood Ur Rehman and Ghazanfar Ali Safdar
  • 12.1 Future Prospects and Challenges 323
  • 12.1.1 Spectrum Sharing 324
  • 12.1.2 Intelligent/Efficient Spectrum Sensing Schemes 324
  • 12.1.3 Primary/Secondary User Issue 325
  • 12.1.4 Energy Saving 325
  • 12.1.5 Security 326
  • 12.1.6 Pilot Power/Coverage Radius Issue 326
  • 12.1.7 Signalling Overhead 326
  • 12.1.8 Proximity Services 326
  • 12.1.9 The Internet?]of?]Things (IoT) 327
  • 12.1.10 The Age of Big Data 328
  • 12.1.11 5G and Femtocells 328
  • 12.1.12 Antenna Design and Channel Modelling 328
  • References 330
  • Index 332

Similar Items