Methods of measuring environmental parameters /

Methods of measuring environmental parameters / Yuriy Posudin, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine.

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Provides a systematic review of modern methods and instruments for measuring environmental parameters Profiles the most modern methods and instruments for environment control and monitoring Gives an assessment of biotic and abiotic factors and their effect on quality of atmosphere and indoor air, so...

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Bibliographic Details
Online Access: Full Text (via Wiley)
Main Author: Posudin, I︠U︡. I. (I︠U︡riĭ Ivanovych)
Format: Electronic eBook
Language:English
Published: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, [2014]
Subjects:
Pollution > Measurement.
Environmental monitoring.
Table of Contents:
  • Machine generated contents note: Some Principal Definitions,
  • 1. Pressure
  • 1.1. Definition of Pressure,
  • 1.2. Atmospheric Pressure,
  • 1.3. Physiological Effects of Decreased Air Pressure on Human Organism,
  • 1.4. Physiological Effects of Altitude on Animals,
  • 1.5. Effects of Altitude on Plants,
  • 1.6. Variation of Pressure with Depth,
  • 1.7. Physiological Effects of Increased Pressure on Human Organism,
  • 1.8. Physiological Effects of Pressure on Diving Animals,
  • References,
  • 2. Measurement of Pressure
  • 2.1. Manometers,
  • 2.2. Barometers,
  • 2.3. Digital Barometric Pressure Sensor,
  • 2.4. Vibrating Wire Sensor,
  • 2.5. Capacitive Pressure Sensor,
  • 2.6. Measurement of Pressure at Depth,
  • Questions and Problems,
  • Further Reading,
  • Electronic References,
  • Practical Exercise 1. Analysis of Observed Data: Theory of Errors
  • 1. Approximation of Data,
  • 1.1. Rules for Dealing with Significant Numbers,
  • 1.2. Precision of the Measurement During Multiplication or Division,
  • 1.3. Precision of the Measurement During Addition or Subtraction,
  • 1.4. Precision of the Measurement During Raising to a Power or Extracting a Root,
  • 2. Theory of Errors,
  • 2.1. Types of Errors,
  • 2.2. Errors in Direct Measurements,
  • 2.3. Errors in Indirect Measurements,
  • References,
  • Electronic Reference,
  • 3. Wind
  • 3.1. Definition of Wind,
  • 3.2. Forces That Create Wind,
  • 3.3. Parameters of Wind,
  • 3.4. Effect of Wind on Living Organisms,
  • Reference,
  • 4. Measurement of Wind Parameters
  • 4.1. Cup Anemometer,
  • 4.2. Windmill Anemometer,
  • 4.3. Hot-Wire Anemometer,
  • 4.4. Sonic Anemometer,
  • 4.5. Remote Wind Sensing,
  • 4.5.1. Radiosonde,
  • 4.5.2. Radar,
  • 4.5.3. Sodar,
  • 4.5.4. Lidar,
  • 4.5.5. Doppler Effect,
  • 4.5.6. Satellite and Rocket Remote Sensing,
  • 4.6. Measurement of Wind Direction,
  • 4.7. Cyclone Assessment,
  • Reference,
  • Practical Exercise 2. Modeling the Variation in Wind Speed
  • 1. Modeling Variation in Wind Speed Near the Ground,
  • 2. Modeling the Variation in Wind Speed Above a Plant Canopy,
  • Questions and Problems,
  • Reference,
  • Further Reading,
  • Electronic References,
  • 5. Temperature
  • 5.1. Definition of Temperature,
  • 5.2. Temperature Scales,
  • 5.3. Atmospheric Temperature,
  • 5.4. Soil Temperature,
  • 5.5. Temperature of Water Reservoirs,
  • 5.6. Heat Flux,
  • 5.7. Effect of Temperature on Living Organisms,
  • 5.7.1. Heat Production,
  • 5.7.2. Heat Transfer,
  • 6. Measurement of Temperature
  • 6.1. Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers,
  • 6.2. Bimetallic Thermometer,
  • 6.3. Resistance Thermometer,
  • 6.4. Thermocouples,
  • 6.5. Optical Pyrometry,
  • 6.6. Infrared Thermometers,
  • 6.7. Heat Flux Measurement,
  • 6.8. Method of Scintillometry,
  • References,
  • Practical Exercise 3. Modeling Vertical Changes in Air Temperature
  • 1. Measurement of Temperature Above Uniform Surface,
  • 2. Measurement of Sensible Heat Flux,
  • Questions and Problems,
  • Reference,
  • Further Reading,
  • Electronic References,
  • 7. Humidity
  • 7.1. Definition of Humidity,
  • 7.2. Parameters of Humidity,
  • 7.3. Effect of Humidity on Living Organisms,
  • 7.3.1. Effect of Humidity on Human Organism,
  • 7.3.2. Effect of Humidity on Microorganisms,
  • 7.3.3. Effect of Humidity on Animals,
  • 7.3.4. Effect of Humidity on Plants,
  • 8. Measurement of Air Humidity
  • 8.1. Hygrometers,
  • 8.2. Assmann Psychrometer,
  • 8.3. Hair Hygrometer,
  • 8.4. Capacitive Hygrometer,
  • 8.5. Condensation Hygrometer,
  • 8.6. Electrolytic Hygrometer,
  • 8.7. Radiation Absorption Hygrometer (Gas Analyzer),
  • 8.8. Open-Path System for Measuring Humidity,
  • 8.9. Remote Sensing Humidity,
  • Practical Exercise 4. Measuring Parameters of Humidity
  • 1. Objectives,
  • 2. Materials Supplied,
  • 3. Principle of Operation,
  • 4. Experimental Procedure,
  • Questions and Problems,
  • Reference,
  • Further Reading,
  • Electronic Reference,
  • 9. Precipitation
  • 9.1. Definitions,
  • 9.2. Mechanisms of Precipitation,
  • 9.3. Parameters of Precipitation,
  • 9.4. Acid Rain,
  • 9.5. Interception,
  • 9.6. General Characteristics of Isotopes,
  • 9.7. Stable Isotopes of Water,
  • 9.8. Isotopic Fractionation,
  • 9.9. Stable Isotopes in Precipitation Processes,
  • 9.10. Application of Stable Isotopes,
  • 9.11. Effect of Precipitation on Living Organisms,
  • 9.12. Snow,
  • 9.12.1. Parameters of Snow,
  • 9.12.2. Effect of Snow on Living Organisms,
  • 9.13. Fog,
  • 9.13.1. Parameters of Fog,
  • 9.13.2. Effect of Fog on Living Organisms,
  • References,
  • 10. Measurement of Precipitation
  • 10.1. Measurement of Precipitation Parameters,
  • 10.1.1. Standard Rain Gauge,
  • 10.1.2. Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge,
  • 10.1.3. Siphon Rain Gauge,
  • 10.1.4. Weighing Bucket Gauge,
  • 10.1.5. Optical Rain Gauge,
  • 10.1.6. Laser Precipitation Monitor,
  • 10.1.7. Acoustic Rain Gauge,
  • 10.2. Measurement of Acid Rain Pollution,
  • 10.2.1. pH-metry,
  • 10.2.2. Conductivity,
  • 10.2.3. Ion-Exchange Chromatography,
  • 10.3. Isotopes in Precipitation,
  • 10.3.1. Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry,
  • 10.3.2. Diode Laser: Principle of Operation,
  • 10.3.3. Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy,
  • 10.3.4. Modulated Techniques,
  • 10.3.5. Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy,
  • 10.4. Remote Sensing of Precipitation,
  • 10.4.1. Types of Remote Sensing Techniques,
  • 10.4.2. Radars,
  • 10.4.3. Satellites,
  • 10.4.4. Estimation and Analysis of Precipitation Parameters,
  • 10.5. Snow Measurement,
  • 10.5.1. Measurement of Snowfall,
  • 10.5.2. Snow Gauge,
  • 10.5.3. Ultrasonic Snow Depth Sensor,
  • 10.5.4. Laser Snow Depth Sensor,
  • 10.5.5. Remote Sensing of Snow Cover,
  • 10.6. Fog-Water Measurement,
  • References,
  • Practical Exercise 5. Velocity of a Falling Raindrop
  • 1. Balance of Forces,
  • 2. Size and Shape of Raindrops,
  • 3. Drag Coefficient,
  • 4. Reynolds Number,
  • Questions and Problems,
  • References,
  • Further Reading,
  • Electronic References,
  • 11. Solar Radiation
  • 11.1. SI Radiometry and Photometry Units,
  • 11.2. Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density,
  • 11.3. Parameters of Sun,
  • 11.4. Intensity of the Sun,
  • 11.5. Periodicity of Solar Activity,
  • 11.6. Spectral Composition of Solar Radiation,
  • 11.7. Atmospheric Radiation,
  • 11.8. Terrestrial Radiation,
  • 11.9. Effect of Solar Ultraviolet Radiation on Living Organisms,
  • 11.10. Effect of Solar Visible Radiation on Living Organisms,
  • References,
  • 12. Measurement of Solar Radiation
  • 12.1. Classification of Radiometers,
  • 12.2. Measurement of Direct Solar Radiation-Pyrheliometer,
  • 12.3. Measurement of Global Radiation-Pyranometer,
  • 12.4. Measurement of Diffuse Radiation-Pyranometer with a Sun-Shading Ring,
  • 12.5. Measurement of Long-Wave Radiation-Pyrgeometer,
  • 12.6. Measurement of Albedo-Albedometer,
  • 12.7. Measurement of Total Radiation-a 4-Component Net Radiometer,
  • 12.8. Photometer,
  • 12.9. Photon Meter,
  • 12.10. Conversion of Light Environment Units,
  • Practical Exercise 6.
  • Parameters of Optical Radiation
  • 1. Parameters of Electromagnetic Radiation,
  • 2. Inverse-Square Law,
  • 3. Cosine Law,
  • 4. Wien's Displacement Law,
  • 5. Stefan-Boltzmann Law,
  • 6. Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density,
  • 7. Laboratory Exercise "The Inverse-Square Law",
  • Questions and Problems,
  • Further Reading,
  • Electronic Reference,
  • 13. Eddy Covariance
  • 13.1. Turbulence,
  • 13.2. Boundary Layer,
  • 13.3. Eddy Covariance,
  • 13.4. Turbulent Velocity Fluctuations,
  • 13.5. Vertical Momentum Flux,
  • 13.6. Sensible Heat Flux,
  • 13.7. Latent Heat Flux,
  • 13.8. Carbon Dioxide Flux,
  • References,
  • 14. Measurement of Eddy Covariance
  • 14.1. Meteorological Towers,
  • 14.2. Gas Analyzers,
  • 14.3. Quantum Cascade Laser Spectroscopy for Atmospheric Gases: Eddy Covariance Flux Measurements,
  • 14.4. Stable Isotopes of Carbon Dioxide,
  • 14.5. Quantum Cascade Laser Absorption Spectrometry,
  • 14.6. Eddy Covariance Measurement of Carbon Dioxide Isotopologues,
  • 14.7. Measurement of Eddy Accumulation,
  • 14.8. Interaction of Climatic Factors,
  • 14.9. Automatic Weather Stations,
  • Reference,
  • Practical Exercise 7. Eddy Covariance Measurement
  • Questions and Problems,
  • Further Reading,
  • Electronic Reference,
  • 15. Atmosphere
  • 15.1. Composition of the Atmosphere,
  • 15.2. Air Pollution,
  • 15.3. Air Quality,
  • Reference,
  • 16. Measurement of Ambient Air Quality
  • 16.1. Measurement of NO2,
  • 16.1.1. Chemiluminescence,
  • 16.1.2. Automatic Cavity Attenuated Phase Shift NO2 Analyzer,
  • 16.1.3. Micro-Gas Analysis System for Measurement of NO2,
  • 16.1.4. Measurement of NO2in a Liquid Film/Droplet System,
  • 16.1.5. Electrochemical Sensor,
  • 16.1.6. Passive Diffusive Samplers,
  • 16.1.7. Thick Film Sensors,
  • 16.1.8. Open-Path Differential Optical Absorption Spectrometer,
  • 16.2. Effect of Nitrogen Dioxide on Human Health,
  • 16.3. Measurement of SO2,
  • 16.3.1. Fluorescence Spectroscopy,
  • 16.3.2. Micro-Gas Analyzers for Environmental Monitoring,
  • 16.4. Effect of Sulfur Dioxide on Human Health,
  • 16.5. Measurement of CO,
  • 16.5.1. Infrared Photometry,
  • 16.5.2. Open-Path Fourier Spectrometry,
  • 16.5.3. Effect of Carbon Monoxide on Human Health,
  • 16.6. Particulate Matter Sampling,
  • 16.7. Gravimetric Methods,
  • Note continued: 16.7.1. High-Volume Samplers,
  • 16.7.2. Impaction Inlet,
  • 16.7.3. Cyclonic Inlet,
  • 16.7.4. Low-Volume Samplers,
  • 16.7.5. Dichotomous Sampler,
  • 16.8. Continuous Methods,
  • 16.8.1. Beta Attenuation Monitor,
  • 16.8.2. Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance,
  • 16.9. Effect of Particulate Matter on Human Health,
  • 16.10. Nanoparticles,
  • 16.11. Effect of Nanoparticles on Human Health,
  • 16.12. Bioaerosols,
  • 16.13. Bioaerosol Sampling and Identification,
  • 16.13.1. Bioaerosol Sampler Spore-Trap,
  • 16.13.2. Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry,
  • 16.14. Measurement of Atmospheric Ozone,
  • 16.14.1. Radiosondes,
  • 16.14.2. Dobson and Brewer Spectrophotometry,
  • 16.15. Measurement of Ground-Level Ozone,
  • 16.16. Effect of Ozone on Human Health,
  • 16.17. Measurement of Lead,
  • 16.17.1. Atomic Spectrometry of Lead,
  • 16.17.2. Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy,
  • 16.18. Effect of Lead on Human Health,
  • References,
  • Practical Exercise 8. Fundamentals of Spectroscopy
  • 1. Beer-Lambert-Bouger Law,
  • 2. Photometry of Ozone in Gas Phase,
  • 3. Fourier Transform Spectrometry,
  • Questions and Problems,
  • Further Reading,
  • Electronic References,
  • 17. Indoor Air Quality
  • 17.1. Indoor Air,
  • 17.2. Volatile Organic Compounds,
  • 17.3. Sources of Volatile Organic Compounds,
  • 17.4. Effect of External Factors on VOCs Emission in Indoor Air,
  • 17.5. Health Effects and Toxicity of Volatile Organic Compounds,
  • 17.5.1. Sick Building Syndrome,
  • 17.5.2. Estimation of Health Effects of VOCs through the Questionnaires,
  • 17.5.3. Principles of Phytoremediation,
  • References,
  • 18. Methods of Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds
  • 18.1. Principal Stages of Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis,
  • 18.2. Gas Chromatography,
  • 18.3. Detection Systems,
  • 18.3.1. Flame Ionization Detectors,
  • 18.3.2. Thermal Conductivity Detectors,
  • 18.4. Mass Spectrometry,
  • 18.4.1. Sector Field Mass Analyzer,
  • 18.4.2. Quadrupole Mass Analyzer,
  • 18.5. Combination of Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry,
  • 18.6. Photoacoustic Spectroscopy,
  • 18.7. Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry,
  • 18.8. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy of Volatile Organic Compounds,
  • Questions and Problems,
  • References,
  • Further Reading,
  • Electronic References,
  • 19. Water Quality
  • 19.1. Water Resources,
  • 19.2. Properties of Water,
  • 19.3. Classification of Water,
  • 19.4. Quality of Water,
  • 19.5. Water Quality Parameters,
  • 19.5.1. Drinking Water Quality Parameters,
  • 19.5.2. Groundwater Quality Parameters,
  • 19.5.3. Surface Water Quality Parameters,
  • 19.6. Effect of Water Quality on Human Health,
  • References,
  • 20. Measurement of Water Quality Parameters
  • 20.1. In Situ Measurement of Water Quality Parameters,
  • 20.1.1. pH value,
  • 20.1.2. Measurement of pH of Water,
  • 20.1.3. Concentration of Dissolved Oxygen,
  • 20.1.4. Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen,
  • 20.1.5. Oxidation-Reduction Potential,
  • 20.1.6. Measurement of Oxidation-Reduction Potential,
  • 20.1.7. Turbidity,
  • 20.1.8. Measurement of Turbidity,
  • 20.1.9. Electrical Conductivity of Water,
  • 20.1.10. Measurement of Electrical Conductivity,
  • 20.1.11. Measuring Stream Flow,
  • 20.2. Laboratory Measurement of Water Quality Parameters,
  • 20.2.1. Purge-and-Trap Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry,
  • 20.2.2. Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry,
  • References,
  • Practical Exercise 9. Water Quality Parameters
  • 1. pH-Value,
  • 2. Oxidation-Reduction Potential. Nernst Equation,
  • 3. Conductivity,
  • 4. Water Quality Index,
  • Questions and Problems,
  • Further Reading,
  • Electronic References,
  • 21. Soil Quality
  • 21.1. Soil as a Natural Body,
  • 21.2. Soil Structure and Composition,
  • 21.3. Soil Quality,
  • 21.4. Soil Quality Indicators,
  • References,
  • 22. Physical Indicators
  • 22.1. Aggregate Stability,
  • 22.2. Measurement of Aggregate Stability,
  • 22.2.1. Ultrasound Dispersion,
  • 22.2.2. Laser Granulometer,
  • 22.3. Available Water Capacity,
  • 22.4. Measurement of Available Water Capacity,
  • 22.5. Bulk Density,
  • 22.6. Measurement of Bulk Density,
  • 22.6.1. Bulk Density Test,
  • 22.6.2. Clod Method,
  • 22.6.3. Three-Dimensional Laser Scanning,
  • 22.7. Infiltration,
  • 22.8. Measurement of Infiltration,
  • 22.8.1. Infiltration Test,
  • 22.8.2. Single-ring and Double-ring Infiltrometers,
  • 22.8.3. Tension Infiltrometer,
  • 22.8.4. Automatic Infiltration Meter,
  • References,
  • 23. Chemical Indicators
  • 23.1. pH of Soil,
  • 23.2. Electrical Conductivity of Soil,
  • 23.3. Optical Emission Spectroscopy with Inductively Coupled Plasma,
  • 23.4. Mass Spectrometry with Inductively Coupled Plasma,
  • 23.5. Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy,
  • References,
  • 24. Biological Indicators
  • 24.1. Earthworms as Soil Bioindicators,
  • 24.2. Analysis of Earthworms,
  • 24.3. Biota-to-Soil Accumulation Factor,
  • 24.4. Soil Respiration,
  • 24.5. Measurement of Soil Respiration,
  • 24.5.1. Draeger Tubes,
  • 24.5.2. Soil CO2 Flux Chambers,
  • 24.5.3. Automated Soil CO2 Flux System,
  • References,
  • Practical Exercise 10. Determination of the Sedimentation Velocity and the Density of Solid Particles
  • 1. Derivation of the Sedimentation Equation,
  • 2. Determination of the Sedimentation Velocity of Solid Particles,
  • 3. Determination of the Density of Solid Particles,
  • Questions and Problems,
  • Further Reading,
  • Electronic References,
  • 25. Spectroscopic Analysis of Plants and Vegetation
  • 25.1. Spectroscopic Approach,
  • 25.1.1. Optical Radiation,
  • 25.1.2. Interaction of Light with Plant Objects,
  • 25.1.3. Reflectance,
  • 25.2. Reflectance Spectroscopy,
  • 25.3. Methods of Reflectance Spectroscopy,
  • 25.3.1. Laboratory Methods,
  • 25.3.2. Portable Reflectance Instrumentation,
  • 25.3.3. Near-Field Reflectance Instrumentation,
  • 25.3.4. Vegetation Indices,
  • 25.3.5. Remote Sensing of Vegetation Reflectance,
  • 25.3.6. Multispectral Scanning,
  • 25.3.7. Spectral Bands MSS and TM,
  • 25.3.8. Spectral Vegetation Indices that are used in the Remote Sensing,
  • 25.4. Effect of External Factors on Single Leaf and Canopy Reflectance,
  • 25.5. Fluorescence Spectroscopy,
  • 25.5.1. Photosynthesis and Chlorophyll Fluorescence,
  • 25.5.2. Fluorescence Properties of a Green Leaf,
  • 25.5.3. Fluorescent Properties of Vegetation,
  • 25.6. Laboratory Methods of Fluorescence Spectroscopy,
  • 25.6.1. Spectrofluorometry,
  • 25.6.2. Fluorescence Induction Kinetics,
  • 25.6.3. Optical Multichannel Analysis,
  • 25.6.4. Pulse Amplitude Modulation Fluorometry,
  • 25.6.5. Fluorescence Indices,
  • 25.7. Remote Sensing of Vegetation Fluorescence,
  • 25.7.1. Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy for In Vivo Remote Sensing of Vegetation,
  • 25.7.2. Laser Spectrofluorometer,
  • 25.8. Effect of Various Factors on the Chlorophyll Fluorescence,
  • References,
  • Practical Exercise 11.
  • Determination of Perpendicular Vegetation Index
  • Questions and Problems,
  • Further Reading,
  • Electronic References,
  • 26. Mechanical Vibration
  • 26.1. Parameters of Vibration,
  • 26.2. Vibration Level,
  • 26.3. Sources of Vibration,
  • 26.4. Effect of Vibration on Human Health,
  • 27. Measurement of Vibration
  • 27.1. Resistive Transducers,
  • 27.2. Electromagnetic Transducers,
  • 27.3. Capacitive Transducers,
  • 27.4. Piezoelectric Transducers,
  • 27.5. Laser Doppler Vibrometer,
  • 28. Noise
  • 28.1. Main Defintions of Noise,
  • 28.2. Sources of Noise,
  • 28.3. Parameters of Noise,
  • 28.4. Equivalent Sound Level,
  • 28.5. Integrating Sound Level,
  • 28.6. Spectral Density of Noise,
  • 28.7. Effect of Noise on Human Health,
  • 28.8. Mechanisms of Noise Action,
  • 28.9. How to Protect Yourself from Noise,
  • 28.10. Effect of Noise Pollution on Ecosystem,
  • 29. Measurement of Noise
  • 29.1. Sound Level Meters,
  • 29.2. Types of Microphones,
  • 29.3. Noise Frequency Analyzers,
  • 29.4. Sound Intensity Measurement,
  • Practical Exercise 12. Sound Insulation and Reverberation Time
  • 1. Sound Insulation,
  • 2. Reverberation Time,
  • 30. Thermal Pollution
  • 30.1. Sources of Thermal Pollution,
  • 30.2. Effect of Thermal Pollution on Living Organisms,
  • 31. Measurement of Thermal Pollution
  • 31.1. Thermal Discharge Index,
  • 31.2. Indirect Measurement of Thermal Pollution,
  • 32. Light Pollution
  • 32.1. Sources of Light Pollution,
  • 32.2. Types of Light Pollution,
  • 32.2.1. Light Trespass,
  • 32.2.2. Over-Illumination,
  • 32.2.3. Glare,
  • 32.2.4. Clutter,
  • 32.2.5. Sky Glow,
  • 32.3. Effects of Light Pollution on Human Health,
  • 32.4. Effects of Light Pollution on Wildlife,
  • References,
  • 33. Measurement of Light Pollution
  • 33.1. Digital Photography,
  • 33.2. Portable Spectrophotometers,
  • 33.3. Sky Quality Meter,
  • 33.4. Bortle Scale,
  • References,
  • 34. Electromagnetic Pollution
  • 34.1. Principal Terminology and Units,
  • 34.2. Electromagnetic Pollution,
  • 34.3. Effect of Elecromagnetic Pollution on Human Health,
  • 34.3.1. Extremely Low Fields,
  • 34.3.2. Estimation of Health Effects of EMF Through the Questionnaires,
  • 34.3.3. Radiofrequency and Microwave Fields,
  • 34.3.4. Effect of Mobile Phones on Human Health,
  • Note continued: 34.3.5. Effect of Computer on Human Health,
  • References,
  • 35. Measurement of Electromagnetic Pollution
  • 35.1. EMF Meter,
  • 35.2. Types of EMF Meters,
  • 36. Radioactive Pollution
  • 36.1. Principal Definitions,
  • 36.2. Units of Radioactivity,
  • 36.3. Nuclear Explosions and Testing of Nuclear Weapons,
  • 36.4. Accidents at Nuclear Power Plants,
  • 36.4.1. Three Mile Island Accident,
  • 36.4.2. Kyshtym Accident,
  • 36.4.3. Chernobyl Accident,
  • 36.4.4. Fukushima Accident,
  • 36.4.5. Effect of Radioactive Pollution,
  • References,
  • 37. Measurement of Ionizing Radiation
  • 37.1. Doses of Ionizing Radiation,
  • 37.2. Gas-Filled Detectors,
  • 37.2.1. Ionization Chamber,
  • 37.2.2. Proportional Counter,
  • 37.2.3. Geiger-Mtiller Counter,
  • 37.3. Scintillation Counter,
  • 37.4. Semiconductor Diode Detector,
  • 37.5. Thermoluminescent Dosimeter,
  • Practical Exercise 13. Investigation of Radionuclide Activity and Determination of the Absorption Coefficient of Gamma Radiation
  • 1. Objectives,
  • 2. Theory,
  • 3. Experiment,
  • Questions and Problems,
  • References,
  • Further Reading,
  • Electronic References,
  • 38. Bioindication
  • 38.1. Lichens as Bioindicators,
  • 38.2. Algae as Bioindicators,
  • 38.3. Classification of Water Reservoirs,
  • 38.4. Water Quality Indices,
  • 38.5. Invertebrates as Bioindicators,
  • References,
  • Electronic References,
  • 39. Biomonitoring
  • 39.1. Test-Organisms and Test-Functions,
  • 39.2. Bacteria as Test-Objects,
  • 39.3. Protozoa as Test-Objects,
  • 39.4. Algae as Test-Objects,
  • 39.4.1. Photomovement Parameters of Algae as Text-Functions,
  • 39.4.2. Gravitaxis Parameters of Algae as Text-Functions,
  • 39.5. Invertebrates as Test-Objects,
  • 39.5.1. Daphnia as Test-Object,
  • 39.5.2. Daphnia Toximeter,
  • 39.6. Fungi as Test-Objects,
  • 39.7. Fish as Test-Objects,
  • 39.8. Remote Water-Quality Monitoring,
  • References,
  • Practical Exercise 14. Photomovement Parameters as Test-Functions During Biomonitoring
  • 1. Simultaneous Use of Several Test-Functions During Biomonitoring,
  • 2. Vector Method of Biomonitoring,
  • Questions and Problems,
  • References,
  • Further Reading,
  • Electronic References.

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