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Dermal exposure.

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"This Environmental Health Criteria (EHC) series publication addresses dermal exposure to chemicals. It describes sources and pathways of dermal exposure, models and tools to estimate dermal exposure and methods for dermal exposure prevention and reduction Furthermore, the EHC introduces skin d...

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Bibliographic Details
Online Access: Full Text (via ProQuest)
Corporate Authors: World Health Organization, International Program on Chemical Safety, Inter-Organization Programme for the Sound Management of Chemicals
Format: eBook
Language:English
Published: Geneva : World Health Organization, [2014]
Series:Environmental health criteria ; 242.
Subjects:
Skin > Physiology.
Dermatotoxicology.
Hazardous substances > Risk assessment.
Dermatotoxicology
Hazardous substances > Risk assessment
Skin > Physiology
Table of Contents:
  • Cover
  • CONTENTS
  • ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH CRITERIA FOR DERMAL EXPOSURE
  • PREAMBLE
  • ABBREVIATIONS
  • 1. SUMMARY
  • 1.1 Sources and pathways
  • 1.2 Analytical approaches to estimate dermal exposure
  • 1.3 Models and tools to estimate dermal exposure
  • 1.4 Skin diseases associated with dermal exposure
  • 1.5 Methods for exposure prevention and reduction
  • 2. INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE
  • 3. GENERAL BACKGROUND
  • 3.1 Processes involved in dermal exposure
  • 3.1.1 The source-receptor model of Schneider et al. (1999)
  • 3.1.2 Contamination pathways (dermal exposure loading)
  • 3.1.3 Pathways reducing dermal exposure
  • 3.2 Exposure scenario (description)
  • 3.3 Determinants influencing the pathway and extent of exposure
  • 3.4 Measuring and modelling
  • 3.5 Models and tools
  • 3.6 Metric (dimension/unit) of dermal exposure
  • 3.6.1 Dermal exposure mass, loading and dose
  • 3.6.2 Dermal exposure mass per unit of time (rate) and normalization
  • 4. SOURCES OF DERMAL EXPOSURE
  • 4.1 Occupational sources
  • 4.1.1 Pesticides
  • 4.1.2 Organic solvents
  • 4.1.3 Wet work
  • 4.1.4 Metals
  • 4.2 Non-occupational sources
  • 4.2.1 Relevant product groups and exposure situations
  • 4.2.2 Relevant substances/substance groups
  • 4.2.3 Dermal exposure of children
  • 5. ANALYTICAL APPROACHES TO ESTIMATE DERMAL EXPOSURE
  • 5.1 Direct measurements of dermal exposure
  • 5.1.1 Interception techniques
  • 5.1.2 Removal techniques
  • 5.1.3 In situ techniques
  • 5.1.4 Comparison of different sampling techniques
  • 5.2 Migration rates and transfer coefficients
  • 5.2.1 Migration
  • 5.2.2 Transfer
  • 5.3 Biomonitoring
  • 5.4 Considerations for selecting suitable approaches
  • 6. MODELS AND TOOLS TO ESTIMATE DERMAL EXPOSURE
  • 6.1 Aspects of modelling dermal exposure
  • 6.1.1 Model approaches
  • 6.1.2 Model scope, applications and features
  • 6.1.3 Model validation.
  • 6.2 Examples of models and tools
  • 6.2.1 DREAM
  • 6.2.2 DERM
  • 6.2.3 EASE
  • 6.2.4 MEASE
  • 6.2.5 ECETOC TRA
  • 6.2.6 RISKOFDERM
  • 6.2.7 Control banding tools based on the RISKOFDERM project
  • 6.2.8 BEAT
  • 6.2.9 ConsExpo
  • 6.2.10 SprayExpo
  • 6.2.11 Pesticide operator models
  • 6.2.12 Pesticide models for post-application
  • 6.2.13 Bystander and resident exposure
  • 6.2.14 Pesticide multipathway exposure models
  • 6.2.15 Other models or tools
  • 6.3 Overview of exposure estimation tools
  • 6.4 Considerations for selecting and using suitable models/tools
  • 6.4.1 Complexity
  • 6.4.2 Applicability domain
  • 6.4.3 Terminology and presentation of the output
  • 6.4.4 Current developments
  • 7. SKIN DISEASES ASSOCIATED WITH DERMAL EXPOSURE
  • 7.1 General types of skin disease
  • 7.2 Contact dermatitis
  • 7.2.1 Irritant contact dermatitis
  • 7.2.2 Allergic contact dermatitis
  • 7.3 Contact urticaria
  • 7.4 Acne (oil acne, chloracne, coal tar acne)
  • 7.5 Pigmentary disorders
  • 7.6 Phototoxicity and photoallergy
  • 7.7 Skin cancers
  • 7.8 Relevance of skin diseases
  • 8. METHODS FOR EXPOSURE PREVENTION AND REDUCTION
  • 8.1 Legislation/regulatory requirements and approaches to exposure control and risk management
  • 8.1.1 The occupational environment (workplace)
  • 8.1.2 The non-occupational environment (consumer products)
  • 8.2 Hazard identification
  • 8.2.1 Classification and labelling: Globally Harmonized System
  • 8.2.2 Skin notations (hazard designations) and classifications for irritating and sensitizing properties
  • 8.2.3 Occupational exposure limits
  • 8.3 Hierarchy of exposure control and risk management measures in the occupational environment (workplace)
  • 8.3.1 Elimination or substitution with less hazardous materials or processes
  • 8.3.2 Engineering controls
  • 8.3.3 Organizational/administrative controls.
  • 8.3.4 Personal protective equipment (PPE)
  • 8.4 Hierarchy of exposure control for consumers
  • 8.5 Selection and proper use of PPE
  • 8.5.1 Material and chemical resistance (testing standards)
  • 8.5.2 Working conditions and environmental factors
  • 8.5.3 The "human factor"
  • 8.5.4 Protective gloves
  • 8.5.5 Skin protective products (creams)
  • 8.5.6 Personal protective equipment acting as source of exposure
  • 8.6 Default setting for effectiveness of personal protective equipment in regulation
  • 9. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
  • 9.1 Importance
  • 9.2 Terminology and reporting of data
  • 9.3 Analytical approaches to estimate dermal exposure
  • 9.4 Models and tools to estimate dermal exposure
  • 9.5 Methods for exposure prevention and reduction
  • 9.6 Risk assessment
  • REFERENCES
  • APPENDIX 1: TERMINOLOGY
  • APPENDIX 2: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CHAPTER 4: SOURCES OF DERMAL EXPOSURE- DEFINITION AND DIFFERENCES IN THE REGULATION OF "COSMETICS"
  • APPENDIX 3: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CHAPTER 6: MODELS AND TOOLS TO ESTIMATE DERMAL EXPOSURE
  • APPENDIX 4: ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON CHAPTER 8: METHODS FOR EXPOSURE PREVENTION AND REDUCTION
  • RÉSUMÉ
  • RESUMEN.

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