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The law of subsidies under the GATT/WTO system / Marc Benitah.

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author: Bénitah, Marc
Other title:Fondements juridiques du traitement des subventions dans les systèmes GATT & OMC. English.
Format: Book
Language:English
French
Published: The Hague ; New York : Kluwer Law International, 2001.
Subjects:
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organization)
World Trade Organization.
Subsidies > Law and legislation.
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (Organisation)
Table of Contents:
  • Cover
  • Table of Contents
  • Acknowledgments
  • Abbreviations
  • Introduction
  • Part I. Legal Techniques for Attenuating Entitlements Granted to the Party Allegedly Affected by a Subsidy
  • A. Explicit Techniques of Attenuation
  • Chapter 1: Effect-based Norms
  • Chapter 2: Attenuations Favoring Developing Countries
  • Chapter 3: The De Minimis Technique of Attenuation
  • Chapter 4: Attenuations Favoring Countries in Economic Transition
  • B. Implicit Techniques of Attenuation
  • Chapter 5: The "Mutually Satisfactory Solution"
  • Chapter 6: The Poorly Defined Concept
  • Chapter 7: The Ambiguous Silence as to the Link Between Two Texts
  • Chapter 8: Techniques of Inte
  • Chapter 9: Placing Functionally Similar Practices Beyond the Field of Subsidies
  • Chapter 10: The Absence of Special Treatment for Special Subsidies
  • Chapter 11: Intensifying the Burden of Proof as an Implicit Technique of Attenuation
  • C. The Relative Weakness of Attenuations in the Countervailing Duty Field
  • Chapter 12: Attenuations Derived From the Simple View of "Distortion" and Constraining the Identification of a Countervailable Subsidy
  • Chapter 13: Dilution of Required Effects
  • Chapter 14: An Unexploited Technique of Attenuation: The Legal Absence of Consumers
  • Chapter 15: Attenuations Favoring Developing Countries in the Field of Countervailing Duties: A Dubious Privilege
  • Chapter 16: Imprecise Requirements with Respect to the Initiation of Countervailing Duty Proceedings
  • Part II. Techniques of Attenuation as a Seed for the Birth of Legal Disputes
  • A. Legal Disputes Arising from the Ambiguous Link between Two Texts
  • Chapter 17: The Relationship between Article I of the 1947 General Agreement and the Tokyo Round Subsidies Code (GATT/1947 System)
  • Chapter 18: The Airbus Case (GATT/1947 System)
  • Chapter 19: Relevance of the Tokyo Round Illustrative List for the Definition of a Countervailable Subsidy (GATT/1947 System)
  • Chapter 20: A Variation on this Theme in the WTO System: The A Contrario Saga
  • Chapter 21: The Issue of Admissibility in the Pasta Case (GATT/1947 System)
  • Chapter 22: Potential Issues as to the Relationship between WTO Agreements
  • B. Disputes Arising from Poorly Defined Concepts
  • Chapter 23: The "More than Equitable Share" Criterion (GATT/1947 System)
  • Chapter 24: The Absence of a Definition of the "Material Advantage" Criterion (WTO System)
  • Chapter 25: "Inconsistency with Development Needs": A Criterion nearly Impossible to Satisfy (WTO System)
  • Chapter 26: The Ambiguity of the "Otherwise Due" Criterion and the Possibility of Multiple Universal Reference Sets (WTO System)
  • Chapter 27: The "In Fact Tied" Criterion: Tentative Rulings (WTO System)
  • C. The Failure of Extremist Techniques of Interpretation
  • C(a). The Failure of Country B's Sophisticated Economic Interpretations
  • C(b). The Failure of Attempts to Intensify Country B's Attenuations Through an Extremist Technique of Interpretation
  • D. Vulnerability of Attenuations Favoring Developing Countries
  • Chapter 37: Vulnerability of the Eight-year Exemption Relating to Prohibited Export Subsidies
  • Chapter 38: Vulnerability of the Exemption Relating to Subsidies Contingent on the Use of Domestic Products
  • Chapter 39: Vulnerability of the Protection Against the “Serious Prejudice” Claim
  • E. The Difficulty to Apply Coherently Attenuations Derived from the Concept of “Distortion”
  • Chapter 40: Different Views of “Distortion”
  • Chapter 41: Attenuations Derived from the Simple View of “Distortion”
  • Chapter 42: Legal Treatment Reflecting the Sophisticated View of “Distortion”
  • Chapter 43: “Distortion”: A Poor Guide for Explaining Several Normative and Interpretative Choices
  • F. Causality between Subsidy and Injury for the Purpose of Countervailing Duties: A Legally Indeterminate Attenuation
  • Chapter 44: International Texts: A “Double Bind” Scenario
  • Chapter 45: The Confusion of National Legislation and Case Law Faced with the Indeterminacy of International Texts: The Case of the United States
  • Chapter 46: The Confusion of National Legislation and Case Law Faced with the Indeterminacy of International Texts: The Case of the European Union
  • Chapter 47: The False Dilemma between the Effects of “Subsidized Imports” and the “Effects of the Subsidy”: Critical Analysis of the Panel’s Report on Atlantic Salmon
  • Part III. Obstacles in the Way of Clarifying Attenuated Norms through the Case Law Process
  • Chapter 48: Panel’s Reluctance to Rule Clearly
  • Chapter 49: Adoption of the Panel’s Report and the veto of the Losing Party
  • Chapter 50: Conflicting Interpretations of the Panel’s Report
  • Chapter 51: Implementation Made Dependant upon the Uruguay Round Negotiations
  • Chapter 52: Procedural Obstacles as a Reaction to the Quasiautomatic Establishment of a Panel in the WTO System
  • Chapter 53: Lost Opportunities for the Case Law Process
  • Annex
  • Bibliography
  • Table of Cases
  • Index
  • Last Page.

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