United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit : no. 74-2414 : United States of America, plaintiff-appellee, Muckleshoot Indian Tribe, Squaxin Island Tribe of Indians, Sauk-Suiattle Indian Tribe, Skokomish Indian Tribe, Stillaguamish Tribe of Indians, Quinault Tribe of Indians, Makah Indian Tribe, Lummi Indian Tribe, Quileute Indian Tribe, Hoh Tribe of Indians, Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakima Indian Nation, Upper Skagit River Tribe, Nisqually Indian Community of the Nisqually Reservation, and Puyallup Tribe of the Puyallup Reservation, intervenor-plaintiffs-appellees v. State of Washington, defendant-appellant, Thor C. Tollefson, director, Washington State Department of Fisheries; Carl Crouse, director, Washington Department of Game; Washington State Game Commission; and Washington Reef Net Owners Association, intervenor-defendants-appellants : Northwest Steelheaders Council of Trout Unlimited, intervenor-appellant : on appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington : brief of tribal appellees / David H. Getches [and others]

Case summary: Tribes are entitled to continued access to traditional off-reservation fishing grounds, one-half total run of fish, and may regulate their members' fishing, while state may regulate Indian fishing rights only if necessary for conservation and if run cannot otherwise be preserved.